An Analysis of a Cultural or Media Representation of...

When it comes to disability, society is often oblivious to the struggle many people face. Despite the progression and modernisation disabled peoples private lives have undergone in the aftermath of political and medical progress, there has been no evolution of their public image (Riley, 2005). This is undoubtedly been a result of the misrepresentation of disability in the media, regardless of the fact as many as one in every five people in the world is disabled (Riley, 2005). There are few examples of disability being represented in various forms of media, using television as an example far too many productions promote stereotypes and myths that society contentedly accept, perhaps ad a result of lack of education. It is a television†¦show more content†¦We know this because he says it and as a result he actively discourages her from socialising. Social model thinking mandates barrier removal, independent living and other responses to social oppression, (Davis, 1997). It is a neighbour that looks at Olgas impairment and believes that it is not the disabling factor, but society is; he therefore decides he is going to make her a platform shoe to help her. This is an early form of social model thinking, looking at how society should not be excluding people with impairment. This representation of disability is differs slightly from others in films and fiction stories because it touches on the struggle of the impaired person and looks at how adaptations can promote inclusion, other than that there is the typical, common stereotyping that occurs in most productions. Stereotyping in the media most likely occurs because the general public are not aware of the issues surrounding disability so might not recognise disability if presented in its real form. Bibliography Davis, L. (1997). A disability studies reader. Riley, C. (2005). Disability and the media: prescriptions for change. University press of New England. Shakespeare, T. (1998). The Disability Reader: Social Science Perspectives . Continuum International PublishingShow MoreRelatedRepresentations Of Disability During The 20th Century1727 Words   |  7 PagesAmita Wanar HSPB W3950 James Colgrove 10/22/15 Representations of Disability in Military Veterans During the 20th Century At the end of the Civil War, Andrew Johnson alleged our nation s supposed investment in our veterans by claiming that â€Å" a grateful people will not hesitate to sanction any measures having for their relief of soldiers mutilated...in an effort to preserve our national existence.† Since then, our changing perception of disabled veterans of military service has affected the successRead MoreWhats Eating Gilbert Grape- Review and Critique2227 Words   |  9 Pagesreinforced through media imagery. Although negative associations that maintain inequities with regard to race, gender and homophobia (Conner Bejoian, 2006) have been somewhat relieved, disability is still immersed in harmful connotations that restrict and inhibit the life of people with disabilities in our society. Disability has appeared frequently in recent films (Byrd Elliot, 1988), a reflection of society’s interest in the subject. These films often misrepresent disability using stereotypesRead MoreHistory Of Medicine And Public Health Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagessociology in a digital culture and digital health analysis (Lupton, 2012). II. Research Questions †¢ â€Å"What does it feel like to be a fat person in a cultural context in which fat is reviled?† (Lupton, 2013, p. 67). †¢ â€Å"How are fat bodies discriminated against, how do fat people feel about their bodies and their weight-loss efforts, what their experiences of moving around in space and place?† (Lupton, 2013, p. 67) †¢ â€Å"Should fatness be considered a disability?† (Lupton, 2013, p. 67) III. Main Argument InRead MoreIntroduction to Urban Design and Community Planning3820 Words   |  16 Pageswhich identifies human and material resources and puts in place potential response system. It involves active participation from the people residing in that locality in making decision about the implementation of processes, programmed and projects, which affect them. In other words, a community plan is a list of activities a neighborhood, community or a group of people agree to follow to prevent loss of life, livelihoods and property in case of warning or a disaster. The Plan identifies in advanceRead MorePush : Paradigm Complexities : Essay1758 Words   |  8 PagesPush: Paradigm Complexities 1 INTRODUCTION In Sapphire’s (1997) novel Push, she emphasizes an overall theme of surviving and overcoming adversities like identity, mental disability, and self-image. The dynamics of the book focuses on Clarice Precious Jones, a maltreated and obese, African American teenager who struggles with the repercussions of being physically, sexually, and psychologically abused by her parents— mainly, getting impregnated by her father. Precious and her first child by her fatherRead MoreThe Lgbt Rights And Freedom3056 Words   |  13 Pages LGBT Rights and Freedom Author’s Name Institutional Affiliation â€Æ' LGBT Rights and Freedom Peace, love, and unity should prevail for people to live with harmony with each other and unless these three factors take course, it would be difficult to consider one another as equal partners in the society. It is very important to note that every person was created differently and therefore, have their own unique features and characteristics and it would be wrong to discriminate against oneRead MoreHSA Quiz Essay2140 Words   |  9 Pages2 2 / 2 pts In medical homes, a _______ provides 24-hour access to healthcare services.      multidisciplinary team    Question 3 2 / 2 pts Older people classified as disabled adults include those with physical impairments (inability to perform with activities of daily living [ADLs]) and those       with cognitive disabilities that present early in life    Question 4 2 / 2 pts Adult day services assist physically or mentally impaired adults who wish to remain in their homes orRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Legal Regime For The Better Future Of Children Essay6622 Words   |  27 PagesCritical Analysis of Legal Regime for the better Future of Children â€Å"Childhood shows the man As morning shows the day† -John Milton in ‘Paradise Regained ’ Abstract Children like mirror, which reflect the future image of a nation. Children are not only the future of any nation but also strength in reserve. If they are healthy and active, educated and informed, disciplined andRead MoreThe Connection Between Psychotropic Drugs And Criminal Justice5455 Words   |  22 Pagesisolated shootings the one thing that has been found in the majority of the cases the perpetrator is that they suffer from a mental illness and are taking some form of that Selective Serotonin Re-Uptake Inhibitors (SSRI?s) medications. The government, media and also big pharmaceutical companies (BIG PHARM) are aware of the link and consistently sweep the facts under the rug for their own reasons. During the ?testing? phase of a drug the side effects that SSRI?s have were discovered however the companiesRead MoreStatus of Elderly People in Nepal7837 Words   |  32 PagesONLY ESID/HLM-MIPAA/6 9 October 2007 ENGLISH ONLY ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC High-level Meeting on the Regional Review of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (MIPAA) 9-11 October 2007 Macao, China Elderly People in Nepal What happened after MIPPA, 2002? * Nepal Participatory Action Network * This paper was prepared by Mr. Bhola Prasad Dahal, Immediate Past Chairperson/Executive Committee Member, Nepal Participatory Action Network, Nepal, for the High-level

The Ford-Firestone Tire Crisis - 3404 Words

CONTENTS CHAIRMAN SUMMARY 2 INTRODUCTION 3 THE CASE AT A GLANCE 3 BACKGROUND 4 RULES THEORY 5 LEVELS OF CONTEXT 6 THE FORD-FIRESTONE CRISIS FACTS 8 CONCLUSION 12 REFRENCES Error! Bookmark not defined. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES Figure 1. Network Setting of Ford-Firestone Crisis 5 Figure 2. Levels of Context 7 EQUATIONS Equation 1. Primitive Form of Constitutive Rule 6 Equation 2. Primitive Form of a Regulative Rule 7 CHAIRMAN SUMMARY In the late 1990’s and early 2000’s several accidents were reported of Ford Explorers equipped with Firestone tires rolling over as a consequence of tires’ failures. By the end of 2000 the death toll was estimated at more than 250, and some†¦show more content†¦Long-term relationships, it is believed, are more likely to overcome problems. However, there can be occasions in which changes in the environment or external incidents motivate the parties to behave in unusual ways, thereby diminishing the value of relationships as if the only thing that counts is independent survival. Such occasions, in an entangled network setting bring to the scene new players, whose only contribution may only be to make the situation even more confusing. The study of the â€Å"Ford – Firestone Tire Crisis† is to understand how companies can act and re-act in complex, threatening situations and how such acts might lead not only to unexpected but also highly undesirable outcomes. Using Rules Theory represents the study of changes in the network position of both companies as well as changes that occurred to their relationship and the network context in which they operate. THE CASE AT A GLANCE Ford Motor Company and its close ally Firestone Tires faced a serious crisis when many Ford Explorers equipped with Firestone AT/ATX tires rolled over as a consequence of tire failures. In 1999 the first fatalities occurred in Saudi Arabia and not much later similar accidents were reported in Venezuela. Ford immediately reacted by blaming the weather and vehicle owners for under-inflating their tires. However, Ford also began replacing tires. It was not until March 2000 when a Ford Explorer rollover in Texas USAShow MoreRelatedCase Study : The Firestone Complete Auto Care1429 Words   |  6 Pagesespecially a good crisis plan, should be implemented to be able to handle any sorts of problems. Manufacturer companies also need to be ready to communicate to the stakeholders and let them know that they are their priority. However, when a plan is not firmly established, completely ignored or do not take the responsibility for the crisis, the company can jeopardize not only their reputation, but also loose financially, the way Firestone/Bridgestone and Ford Company had to undergo. The Firestone CompleteRead MoreCase Study : The Firestone Complete Auto Care Essay863 Words   |  4 Pagesreasons. Still a plan, especially a good crisis plan, should be implemented to be able to handle any sorts of problems. Manufacturer companies also need to be ready to communicate the stakeholders and let them know that they come first. However, when a plan is not firmly established or is completely ignored, the company can jeopardize not only their reputation, but also loose financially, the way Firestone/Bridgestone and Ford Company had to undergo. The Firestone Complete Auto Care is a company thatRead MoreFirestone : A Recall Revisited1695 Words   |  7 PagesCase 8-3 Firestone: A Recall Revisited There had been more than 200 deaths in Ford Explorer rollovers by November 2011. The reason was believed to be the faulty tires which was supplied by Ford’s main supplier, Bridgestone/ Firestone. The first ones to witness those tragedies were the consumers, via videotapes and still images. They didn’t know who they should point fingers at, but there were ample lawsuits and investigations. What happened in August 2000 was not the first crisis involving Ford MotorRead MoreCase Study - Ford and Firestones Tire Recall: the Costliest Information Gap in History871 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study #1 Ford and Firestones Tire Recall: The Costliest Information Gap in History 1. Briefly summarize the problems and major issues in this case. To what extent was this crisis an information management problem? What role did databases and data management play? Answer: These are the problems and major issues that I found in this case: †¢ 46 deaths and more than 300 accidents †¢ A confidential memo sent by Firestone to Ford claiming that everything was fine †¢ Ford recall in 16 countriesRead More The Ford/Firestone Case Essays1121 Words   |  5 Pages The Ford/Firestone Case This case involves Ford and the Japanese tire manufacturer, Bridgestone/Firestone. The Ford Explorers which were prone to rolling over, came equipped with Firestone defected tires. The tire seemed to have a defect that caused the tread to separate from the whole of the tire and cause the vehicle to flip. Although Firestone knew about such defects, they continued to produce despite knowing the deadly consequences that lay behind their actions. The Explorer also had a badRead MoreCase Analysis #231022 Words   |  5 PagesCase 22 Analysis Firestone and Ford; The Tire Tread Separation Tragedy 1. What are the major and minor ethical issues involved in this case? The major ethical issue is Ford and Firestone’s negligence of the technical problems. They knew that something was wrong yet they did not do anything about it and therefore ignored their consumers’ safety and health. They used a utilitarian decision model where they were looking to accomplish the greatest good for the greatest number. Another majorRead MoreFirestone and Ford: the Tire Tread Separation Tragedy2032 Words   |  9 PagesFirestone and Ford: The Tire Tread Separation Tragedy Business Ethics November 8, 2011 Executive summary. Firestone/Bridgestone and Ford companies caught public negative attention in the end of 1990s because of their relation to tire tread separation cases, which caused numerous car accidents not only in US, but also abroad. Because they did not take proper actions to eliminate the number of this cases and remove all dangerous products from the market timely, even if they knew that somethingRead MoreFirestone and Ford: the Tire Tread Separation Tragedy5367 Words   |  22 PagesCase 30 Firestone and Ford: The Tire Tread Separation Tragedy I t is often tricky to know when an ethical or social issue really begins. Does it begin before it is â€Å"recognized† or â€Å"identified† as an issue? Does it begin when an isolated manager recognizes an incident or a trend and reports it via a memo to his superiors? Does it begin once the media get hold of information and the frenzy begins? Such questions arise in the case of the Firestone–Ford tire tread separation debacle that began dominatingRead MoreMgt/426 Essay791 Words   |  4 Pagesunethically. Firestone, for instance had a recall of over six million of their tires. This was considered a crisis for the organization. The company decided to do things in an unethical nature, and used crisis management change strategies. The change strategies they used were mortification, correction action, bolstering, denial, and shifting the blame. The used mortification whenever they apologized to the families who had members killed. Corrective action was whenever Firestone recalled overRead MoreFirestone Case Danger on the Highway: Bridgeston/Firestons Tire Recall2747 Words   |  11 PagesFirestone Case Danger on the Highway: Bridgestone/Firestone ¡Ã‚ ¦s Tire Recall Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., based in Nashville, Tennessee, has been in the business of making tires since 1900, when Harvey Firestone founded the Firestone Tire Rubber Company in Akron, Ohio. Firestone was acquired by Bridgestone USA, Inc., a subsidiary of Tokyo-based Bridgestone Corporation, in 1990 for $2.6 billion. Today, the company markets 8,000 different types and sizes of tires, and a host of other products. The

Obligations and Liabilities Job

Question: Task 1 Discuss the employers' obligations and liabilities in respect to Alex's ability to perform her job. You should make reference to health and safety legislation. Task2 As a school business manager (SBM - responsible for premises management, plays a role in recruitment and manages the non - teaching staff) for the school you have to deal with the immediate issue of Alex and also how best to avoid future issues. Identify and evaluate HRM best practice strategies for managing alcohol and stress in the school. You should make reference to both formal and informal ways that employers might use to deal with this issue. Answer: Introduction: The most important and valuable asset of an organization is the human resource management. The task of the HRM is very dynamic and challenging. It is important to understand give importance to the various human resource policies and activities within the organization for an efficient human resource management (Catano et al. 2010). The tasks of the HRM are attracting, recruiting, managing, developing and motivating employees of the organization. HRM deals with different types of managerial practices and personnel policies for influencing the workforce of the organization. In other words, it can be said that all the decisions affecting the work of the organizations are part of the HRM function. Providing a suitable workplace for the employees is an important task of the HRM of the organization. There are certain rules and regulations that have to be maintained by the employees of the organization and the HRM has the responsibility to look after this facts (Connell and Teo, 2010). In this essay, the case study of Alexanda will be discussed for the better understanding of the responsibilities of the human resource management. She is the cook in a kitchen of a primary school. Once she was a very good employee, but due to the stressful workplace she has become inefficient in her work. Task 1: Scope and Responsibilities of the HRM with respect to the case study: The scope of the human resource management of an organization is the all major activities of the employees from the time of he or she enters in the organization to the time of his or her living. The main activities of the HRM are: job planning, recruitment, selection, training, job evaluation, performance appraisal, welfare, maintaining safety and health, etc. (Krausert, 2013). The overall aim of the human resource management is to maintain the good quality of the individual and performances of the employees for the success of the business of the organization. There are certain responsibilities of the HRM of a business organization. Strategic human resource management has the primary aim of the development of the organization by developing and allocating human resources for supporting and implementing other strategic plans for achieving the corporate objectives (Pilbeam and Corbridge, 2010). Every manager of the organization has the responsibility of managing the employees. The main task of the managers of the organization is to ensure that they have the proper number of employees needed with the proper knowledge, education and skills. The mangers of the organization are responsible for motivating the employees for getting efficient working from them (Inauen, 2014). Employees are the capital of the organizations. The HRM of an organization is responsible for giving a protective, enjoyable workplace with less stress. This will increase the loyalty of the employees towards the organization and better production to the business. Maintaining the safety and health at the workplaces is an important task of the HRM. The employees also should maintain certain rule and regulations at their workplaces (Rowley and Jackson, 2010). Health and safety legislations regarding the occupational environment deal with the legislations for regulating the standard of the workplace for preventing the accidents, injuries and diseases in the workplaces of the organization. This includes the appropriate training for handling dangerous equipment at the workplaces. According to this legislation, employees can refuse to perform some job that may be harmful to his or her health (Robertson, 2015). In the case study, Alex is a cook in a primary school. The senior employees of the school mentioned her as a very efficient worker. At present, there are certain changes came to Alex, which is affecting her work performances. Her seniors found that she begun to come late in work with the smell of alcohol. This is against the health and safety legislations because cooking in this condition will be harmful to the students of the school who are the most important part of the organization. Drinking alcohol is also harmful for the health of Alex. The managers have the duty of finding the fact and its effect on the performances of Alex. Alex is important to the organization because she is working there for a long time with an effective performance. There must be something wrong with the present working situation of Alex, which is affecting her. The HRM of the school has the responsibility of finding out the possible causes and facts behind the situation. It has been found that the work pla ce of Alex has become very stressful due the absent of other two employees for their illness. The HRM of the school has to manage the stress and motivate Alex for giving better performance and avoid drinking in the work place. This situation cannot be ignored due to the harmful effect. The management should not take any strict act against Alex as she was a very good employee of the school, and there are some problems regarding the working environment of her. The responsibility of the HRM of the school is to take suitable steps for removing the stress at the workplace and bring Alex back to her efficient working status. Task 2: Dealing the immediate issue and strategy for avoiding future issues: In this section of the essay, the learner will discuss the process of dealing with the situation of Alex, as the Scholl Business Manager (SBM). SBM plays a vital role behind the process of recruitment and further management of the employees of the school. In order to solve this issue, some instructions will be given to the hr manager of the school for taking care about the situation. The hr manger should investigate the facts about the case scenario. The viewpoint of Alex about the workplace should be taken into consideration (Meijerink, Bondarouk and Lepak, 2015). In this purpose, the management has to ask her if there is any problem regarding her working. It has been found that her other two employees are not coming for work due to their long time illness. Therefore, all the responsibilities of the two employees and her own have to be taken by her. It is very stressful, and this could be the major issue behind the wrong condition. It is quite impossible to remove all the stresses f rom the workplace, but it can be decreased to a tolerable level. Other two employees will not come for a long period; in this situation other two part-time employees will be recruited for helping Alex. The learner will also talk to her, for understanding what is wrong with her. She should be motivated by the senior employees for giving effective work. The harmful facts of alcohol consumption have to be discussed with her. Different motivational strategies should be used for motivating her. Some facilities that can help her in the workplace should be supplied to her by the management of the school. The management should observe all the sections of the school and employees who are working in various sections. Meeting should be held with the employees in a periodic manner for understanding the problems. After identification of the problems, the management has to take effective steps for solving those. Stress cannot be totally removed from the work places. Stress management strategy should be adopted by the management for avoiding future issues like this. Strategy for managing stress and alcohol in the school: Stress is the mental, physical, or emotional responses of someone to some activities that are the cause of mental or physical tension. In other words, stress can be defined as a self-developed mental pain. When someone expects more than the achievement from his or her work when he or she thought that the work is beyond of his or her capability, then a mental illness occurs. This mental illness is called stress at the workplace (Quick, 2013). At present, the workplaces of the business organizations are more stressful due the high load of work. In order to manage the stress in the workplace of the school, the employers should understand the various facts of the work place stresses (Chojnacka and Witkowski, 2012). People react in various ways against their stresses. Some of them get physically ill due to the workplace stresses. Being insomniac, having high blood pressure, having headache, being alcoholic are the most common outcome of the stress. Insecurity, incapability, wrong perception, angry management, failures, mistakes are the common causes of the work place stresses (Pak and Chung, 2013). As stated by (Meja and McCarthy, 2010) there are certain ways of avoiding the stresses at the work places: The employers have to make sure that the employee ahs the capability of taking the responsibility of the job position before recruitment. The employee also has to be sure about his or her own ability to do work. Proper training should be given to the employees. Proper planning is needed for doing efficient work in within a specified time. The management should not be very much rough to the employees. When an employee gets criticized by the seniors, he or she should not react at that time with a denying manner. Instead of protesting, the employee should listen to the senior carefully for understanding what the actual responsibility of the job. In order to avoid stress, the employee should take the criticism as a lesson of learning not in any other wrong perception (Thompson, 2011). Being an alcoholic is the outcome of having so much mental and physical stresses. The management has to develop a stress management section in the HRM of the organization. This section will help the employees to work in a suitable environment with less stress. Working in a happy mood and having colleagues as friends is a key concept of having less stress. Therefore, the management of the organization should develop the work environment like this to avoid high stresses in their employees (Homberg and Heine, 2014). The management should not give too much-working pressure to the employees. Of course, there are some needs of giving pressure for the high production but the pressure should be limited. All the employees have to enjoy their works and workplaces (Kaspereen, 2012). The above-discussed methods are the formal way of managing the stresses of the workplaces. In order to manage the situations like the case study, the management of the school have to develop their stress management system by considering these issues. Stress management and providing enjoyable working environment is not the only task of the HRM. The HRM of the organization must have to develop certain rules and regulations for the employees of the school. Alcohol drinking at the workplace or coming to work in a drunken state have to be strictly prohibited by the management of the school. After developing an environment with fewer stresses, the management should be ready to take legal steps against the alcohol consumption at the workplace (S. Schuler, 2013). The managers should talk individually in case of finding any of the employees in drunken condition at the workplaces. In case of drinking at the school or coming in a drunken condition, the employees should be warned strictly for not to do that again. Whenever this type of issue happens more than one time, then the management should take legal steps against that employee. Conclusion: The HRM of any business organization has the responsibility of managing the employees in a strategic way. The behaviour of the employees and their efficiency in working get affected by the workplace stresses. In order to manage the stresses at the workplaces, the management of the business organizations has to take some serious steps for manage the workplace stresses in their employees. In this essay the case study if Alex is considered to discuss the fact who was a good cooker at a school but due the stress of the workplace she used to get drunk and come late to work. Responsibilities of the HRM of the school respect to this situation, the necessary steps to handle this situation are discussed in this essay. A strategic way of managing the workplace stress and alcohol at school has been given in the last section of the essay. References Books Chojnacka, M. and Witkowski, K. (2012). Determinants of stress in the company perfecting quality. Management, 16(1). Connell, J. and Teo, S. (2010). Strategic HRM. Prahran, Vic: Tilde University Press. Homberg, D. and Heine, D. (2014). Motivation in public sector organizations introduction to the special issue. Evidence-based HRM, 2(1). Meijerink, J., Bondarouk, T. and Lepak, D. (2015). Employees as Active Consumers of HRM: Linking Employees HRM Competences with Their Perceptions of HRM Service Value. Human Resource Management, p.n/a-n/a. Journals Catano, V., Francis, L., Haines, T., Kirpalani, H., Shannon, H., Stringer, B. and Lozanzki, L. (2010). Occupational stress in Canadian universities: A national survey. International Journal of Stress Management, 17(3), pp.232-258. Inauen, E. (2014). How the approval of rules influences motivation. Evidence-based HRM, 2(1), pp.96-113. Kaspereen, D. (2012). Relaxation intervention for stress reduction among teachers and staff. International Journal of Stress Management, 19(3), pp.238-250. Krausert, A. (2013). HRM Systems for Knowledge Workers: Differences Among Top Managers, Middle Managers, and Professional Employees. Human Resource Management, 53(1), pp.67-87. Meja, O. and McCarthy, C. (2010). Acculturative stress, depression, and anxiety in migrant farmwork college students of Mexican heritage. International Journal of Stress Management, 17(1), pp.1-20. Pak, J. and Chung, G. (2013). "Top Management Commitment to HRM, Visibilities, and HRM Gap: A Qualitative Approach". Academy of Management Proceedings, 2013(1), pp.15181-15181. Pilbeam, S. and Corbridge, M. (2010). People resourcing and talent planning. Harlow, England: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Quick, J. (2013). Preventive stress management in organizations. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. Robertson, H. (2015). The Health and Safety at Work Act turned 40. Occupational Medicine, 65(3), pp.176-179. Rowley, C. and Jackson, K. (2010). Human resource management. New York: Routledge. S. Schuler, R. (2013). Opportunities abound in HRM and innovation. Journal of Chinese Human Resources Management, 4(2), pp.121-127. Thompson, P. (2011). The trouble with HRM. Human Resource Management Journal, 21(4), pp.355-367.

Why the Modern Project Manager Needs to Comprehend Business Models

Introduction Strategic management literatures have shown the increasing need for corporations to realize the prolonged competitive advantage in the current unpredictable and turbulent business environment.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Why the Modern Project Manager Needs to Comprehend Business Models specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact, most discussions and analyses show how modern economies and technology have altered the nature of traditional business models in most companies that range from product to technical corporations. However, modern project managers hardly understand how business models are sustained, appraised, shaped and what they actually denote (Doumeingts Ducq 2001, p.147). Therefore, modern project managers must comprehend business models in order to develop guidelines and frameworks that can help an organization to utilize the resources efficiently for survival and competition. The potential and use of business model Research on business models is still an immature field though it has proved its relevance. The key segments where business-models have enhanced are in the formation of apparatus and conceptions that venture supervisors might exploit to transform, evaluate, plan, converse, comprehend, and seize the corporation trade rationales (Jones, 1960). The subsequent sections clearly highlight the generalized reasons why modern project managers must understand the concept of business models.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sharing and Understanding Modern project managers need to comprehend business models as they assist in sharing and communicating, understanding, visualizing and capturing business logics (Kaplan Norton 1992, p.1). Allocating and conversing Nearly all corporations have trade logics that are supposed to be captured, visualized, and comprehended. This can only be realized through business models. The knack to distribute and converse such business ideas with shareholders is just a preceding rational outcome. According to Galper (2001, p76) claims, to formalize and express business models in a concrete manner may assist modern project managers in sharing and communicating their business understanding to other shareholders. Such ability is significant to any dialogue among individuals with diverse backgrounds including engineers, system architect and modern project managers (Aguilar-Savà ©n 2004, p.133). Comprehending The current business models have become very complicated especially those that have well-built e-business and ICT elements. The associations between the decisive success factors and different business model elements are not often directly observed (Chesbrough Rosenbloom, 2002). Thus, the social systems modeling process can help modern project managers to understand and identify the relationshi ps and appropriate constituents within the specific project domain (Magretta 2002, p.87). Furthermore, within the business models there are visual symbols that can enhance modern project managers understanding of any task that lies ahead.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Why the Modern Project Manager Needs to Comprehend Business Models specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Visualizing Modern project managers are human beings and they are rather incomplete in their capacity to process any multifaceted information (Kaplan Norton 2000, p.171). This can be revealed practically and tentatively. In case business venture data is processed through diagrammatic coordination of trade models it can boost the scale at which the involvedness could be effectively managed. By comprehending business models, modern project managers can use the conceptualization process in capturing the business concepts with minimal effort and they will be able to present the outcomes graphically (Weill Vitale 2002, p.21). Capturing Even though business models for corporations are simplified symbols of their business concepts, they are hardly described clearly in an abstract manner. Studies show that modern project managers are usually unable to communicate their business models clearly (Weill Vitale, 2001). Besides, since modern project managers draw on diverse intellectual models, they find it difficult to comprehend business models in a similar way. Therefore, a mutual and generic concept that can be used to describe and understand business models is essential. The frameworks offered by business models can serve as a shared language among the shareholders while project managers can use them to carry out what each party comprehends easily (Reich Benbasat 1996, p.55). Analyzing The concept of business models may help project managers to analyze corporate business logics. In fact, through comprehending business models, modern project managers can be well positioned to understand that the concept is a novel analyzing unit (Mahadevan, 2000).Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, comprehending business models may assist modern project managers in improving the measurement, comparison, and observance of corporate business logics. Measuring Comprehending and capturing business models can help modern project managers to classify appropriate measures that must be followed to improve project management. Such capability may aid in the selection of executive information system indicators that can be used to monitor project strategy execution. This can be via the use of a balanced-scorecard plan that has innovative, internal business and clients as well as business perspectives (Bernus, 2001, p.114). Tracking and observing Corporate business logics are continuously changing due to external and internal pressures. Hence, modern project managers must comprehend business models in a structured way to be able to handle specific issues that eventually change (McKay Radnor, 1998). Comparing Just like an eventual observance of corporate business models, a structured plan might allow modern project managers to evaluate their business models against the ones being held by rival corporations. This is founded on the fact that business models are comparable when they are comprehended in similar ways. When project managers understand and compare their business models to those that other companies have they are better placed to generate some insights that can foster the innovation of business models (Timmers 1998, p.4). Managing According to Rappa (2004, p.33), business models play an important role of improving the firm business management logics. Comprehending business concepts can therefore support current project directors in restructuring the execution, altering, scheduling, and scheming of corporate trade models. With better comprehension of business models, modern project managers can quickly react to any adjustments within business surroundings. Designing It is often difficult to design a business model in which all its elements are coherent and reinforce each other. That is, it is not easy to design a business model where individual elements are optimized in the project. Due to these complexities modern project managers must base the success of their projects on the interactions between each element in the model. This understanding is even compounded by the fact that modern technology that is being adopted in business today adds to the variety of business models that one can imagine (Lechner Hummel, 2002). Conceptualization of a business model that identifies the vital building blocks together with their relationships enables managers to draw a protracted business model. Planning, changing and implementing In situations where business projects require novel model or need to change the present one, conceptualization and visualization of the model would be essential in improving planning, transformation and implementation. In situations where there is evidence that elements can change models can easily be transformed. I ncidentally, Linder and Cantrell (2000) anticipated a change model where transformations taking place in the firm as well as its future profitability are based. Responding Appreciating, planning and putting into practice business models generate the source in which modern managers can suitably respond to the outside demands. Proper understanding of the concept of business model supports modifications that lead to a new form of model (Petrovic Kittl, 2001). This is very important in tentative and fast shifting competitive business environment. Aligning The business model forms the conceptual bridge that aligns the organization of the whole business, strategy, and technologies used. Chesbrough and Rosenbloom (2000) assert that business model act as a connecting construct amid expertise and the cost-effective significance of the company. Modern project managers can use the concept of the business model as a significant tool to promote development, advance current business processes an d align information systems (Osterwalder Pigneur, 2003). Improving decision-making The concept of business model enhances communication and understanding of the business logic. Therefore, managers or decision makers can use the business model concept to be more informed and enhance their decision-making process (Hayes Finnegan, 2005). Moreover, the business model has become an innovative component of examination (Stà ¤hler, 2002) that is observable and comparable. Business model concept supports classification of new procedures that are essential in decision-making. Prospect Through simulations and portfolios, modern project managers can use the business model to define probable prospect for the firm. The concept of business model is an important tool that supports innovation and prepares the business for the future. It is essential for business managers to apply the concept to drive forward their projects and ensure complete implementation of the undertaken projects. Innovation Modular and formal business model is capable of creating and improving changes as well as the increase in response abilities within the company. The business model concepts can promote innovation within organization. Specific sets of elements of a business model together with their interrelationships can become a building block for a very new concept (Burgi Victor, 2004). The designers can experiment and test with these elements to create innovation or very different models. This capability is restricted only by sets of pieces supplied (Beresford, 2001). Amit and Zott (2001) unequivocally understand the concept of business model as a focal point for innovation. Consistent with Mitchell and Coles (2003) assertions, improvements resulting from the concepts of business model add more value to the firm. Portfolios for business models According to the evolutionary theory law of excess diversity by Allen (2001), the firm should maintain a selection of business models to prepare for the f uture. The assertions by this theoretical perspective are that evolutionary strategies of firms require good quantity of diversified internal quality. Allen further suggests that businesses require varied potential strategies to be implemented in volatile and changing environments (Andriani, 2001). Many business models that companies have will enable them to cope with changes in the environment. Simulating and testing Modern project managers always expect the testing and simulating of business models. However, simulations normally do not envisage any prospect. Managers perform simulations and testing as a way of undertaking low-risk investigations without incurring additional organization costs (Sterman, 2000). Testing and simulating business models makes managers to formulate future prospects (Richards Morrison, 2001). Conclusion Business models concept becomes a very important tool for business managers especially at this time when the business environment is volatile and highly competitive. The reality is that appropriate application of the business model concept not only enhances the organization capabilities, but also increases its competitiveness. Thus, modern project managers should build business concepts that enhance the realization of future prospects and add more value to the business. Through comprehending business models, modern project managers might have suitable management strategies. References Aguilar-Savà ©n, R 2004, â€Å"Business process modeling: Review and framework†, International Journal of Production Economics, no.90, pp. 129-149. Allen, PM 2001, â€Å"A complex systems approach to learning in adaptive networks†, International Journal of Innovation Management, vol.5 no.2, pp.149-180. Amit, R Zott, C 2001, â€Å"Value creation in e-business†, Strategic Management Journal, vol.22 no.6, pp.493-520. Andriani, P 2001, â€Å"Diversity, knowledge and complexity theory: some introductory issues†, International J ournal of Innovation Management, vol.5 no.2, pp.257-274. Beresford, K 2001, â€Å"European patents for software, E-commerce and business model inventions†, World Patent Information, vol.23 no.3, pp.253-263. Bernus, P 2001, â€Å"Some thoughts on enterprise modeling†, Production Planning Control, vol. 12, pp. 110-118. Burgi, P Victor, B 2004, â€Å"Case study: modeling how their business really works prepares managers for sudden change†, Strategy Leadership, vol.32 no.2, pp.28-34. Chesbrough, H Rosenbloom, RS 2000, The role of the business model in capturing value from innovation: evidence from XEROX Corporation’s technology spinoff companies, Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard Business School. Chesbrough, H Rosenbloom, RS 2002, â€Å"The role of the business model in capturing value from innovation: evidence from Xerox Corporation’s technology spin-off companies†, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol.11 no.3, pp. 529-555. Doumeingts, G Duc q, Y 2001, â€Å"Enterprise modeling techniques to improve efficiency of enterprises†, Production Planning Control, vol.12, pp.146-163. Galper, J 2001, â€Å"Three business models for the stock exchange industry,† Journal of Investing, vol. 10 no.1, pp.70-78. Hayes, J Finnegan, P 2005, â€Å"Assessing the potential of e-business models: towards a framework for assisting decision-makers†, European Journal of Operational Research, vol.160 no.2, pp.365-379. Jones, G M 1960, â€Å"Educators, electrons, and business models: A problem in synthesis†, Accounting Review, vo.35 no.4, pp. 619-626. Kaplan, RS Norton, DO 2000, â€Å"Having trouble with your strategy? Then map it†, Harvard Business Review, vol.78 no.5, pp.167-276. Kaplan, RS Norton, DP 1992, â€Å"The balanced scorecard–measures that drive performance†, Harvard Business Review, vol.70 no.1. Lechner, U Hummel, J 2002, â€Å"Business models and system architectures of virtual c ommunities: from a sociological phenomenon to peer-to-peer architectures†, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, vol.6 no.3, pp.41-53. Linder, J Cantrell, S 2000, â€Å"Changing business models: surveying the landscape†, Accenture Institute for Strategic Change, vol.4 no.1, pp.22-29. Magretta, J 2002, â€Å"Why business models matter†, Harvard Business Review, vol.80 no.5, pp. 86-92. Mahadevan, B 2000, â€Å"Business models for Internet-based e-Commerce: An anatomy†, California Management Review, vol.42 no.4, pp. 55-69. McKay, A Radnor, Z 1998, â€Å"A characterization of a business process†, International Journal of Operations Production Management, vol.18, p. 924. Mitchell, D Coles, C 2003, â€Å"The ultimate competitive advantage of continuing business model innovation.† Journal of Business Strategy, vol.24 no.4, pp.15-21. Osterwalder, A Pigneur, Y 2003, â€Å"Towards strategy and information systems alignment through busines s model ontology†, Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Strategic Management Society, vol.34 no.7, pp.6-11. Petrovic, O Kittl, C 2001, â€Å"Developing business models for e-business†, Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronic Commerce, vol.16 no.9, pp.44-54. Rappa, M 2004, â€Å"The utility business model and the future of computing services†, IBM Systems Journal, vol. 43 no.1, pp.32-43. Reich, BH Benbasat, I 1996, â€Å"Measuring the linkage between business and information technology objectives†, MIS Quarterly, MIS Quarterly The Society for Information Mgt, vol. 20, p.55. Richards, I Morrison, J 2001, â€Å"Using flight simulators to build robust dotcom strategies†, Working Paper Accenture, vol.4 no.1, pp.14-19. Stà ¤hler, P 2002, â€Å"Business models as a unit of analysis for strategizing†, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Business Models, vol.21 no.3, pp.43-61. Sterman, JD 2000, Business dynamics: systems thinking and modeling for a complex world, Boston, McGraw-Hill. Timmers, P 1998, â€Å"Business models for electronic markets†, Journal on Electronic Markets, vol.8 no.2, pp.3-8. Weill, P Vitale, M 2002, â€Å"What IT infrastructure capabilities are needed to implement e-business models?† MIS Quarterly, vol.1 no.1, pp. 17-34. Weill, P Vitale, MR 2001, Place to space: Migrating to e-business models, Harvard Business School Press, Boston. 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buy custom The Good essay

buy custom The Good essay This is a book written by Silas house. The books main character is Eli. In the natural and everyday life, a child is born in natural and good environment that has trust and order. But then there also comes a time when things change around for the young and children discover that life is confusing, messy and sometimes even becomes chaotic. Such a mishap causes the world for a child to look like it has tilted and happens to cause a lot of unsteadiness and also sense of frightening suddenly. At this point, the child experiences a sudden vertigo. In the book Eli the good such a moment happened to him in 1976 and Eli was ten years old. Eli narrates the story about himself and the family of how the family undergoes a transition. To speak the truth, the summer of 1976 was a period no man can forget and especially crow county of Kentucky where Eli lives. Eli does not seem to know the changes that he is facing but goes through them anyway. He spends most of days when young hanging out with his best friend Edie though she is a girl and snoops on his sister and the boyfriend. At his tender ages he discovers that all the people he associates with have secrets and one by one starts to unravel the truth. Eli realizes that life continues like the refuge river that flows near his house even if anything is thrown into it. He has a journal where he records everything every thing that is happens or goes on around him and is from these journal entries that he is able to narrate the story. Eli is depicted by the writer as being a very observant child that is able to pay attention and reason of how things are happening around him. He goes to an extent of realizing how much strong lov his father and mother have towards each other and he even becomes jealousy the his mother loves his father more than him. In addition to that, he notices the tenderness his sister holds for him despite the fact that her sixteen years old sister is angry at the world. He also notices the pain that his best friend Edie suffers when her parents separate. As if that is not enough, he takes note of the commitment that Nell, his aunt has towards her brother (Elis Dad). He looks too young to understand these things but he understands them anyway. He is also aware of the painful experiences of his dad while in Vietnam and also of how a wedge, things have destroyed the relationship with his father (Brennan 96). Time and again, Elis mother tries to smoothen things up and insist on that everything is fine, but little Eli is not a boy to joke with, he seeks to understands things much better the way they are happening. He also seems to get strength by observing trees, the sun and the river in order to live life despite all these challenges. The reader easily gets connected with this tale especially the understanding of the Vietnam War because it wasnt clear of what was happening. There was trouble in the oil industry as oil was becoming a currency and that alone would push the world economy and politics. But the pace then was slow. Then, there were no mobile phone and wire of telephone were crossing the streets, the rivers were clean and anybody interested would swim in any river and even drink water directly, and the neighbors knew each other so well. People used to grow slowly and life was natural because everything happened at the right time. Now this is the environment that is described as ending in the book Eli the good and slowly another culture is crippling in through this story. It is also important to note that within this tale, there is violence that shocks suddenly. However it is mean to unfold the story and also magnifies the kind of confusion that Eli undergoes and explains to the reader the reality that produces chaos at the root of confusion. Although there is no sex, it becomes a centre of attention in the tale. At that time, sex was so innocent and nobody would discuss that topic anywhere and it is amazing what the reader understands that the only fear of having sex then was only pregnancy whereas nowadays, there are so many fears associated with having sex the main one being the HIV/AIDS prevalence. Psychology also bounds this great tale of Eli the Good; it vividly explains that the Oedipus complexes are seen to be thicker than a July evening. Mythology is also used especially when the Wounded Warriors, the Goddess of homes described as stirring the world into action. Elis theology also leaks out of his life and the community in which he lives. Eli seeks to become a part of nature that is welcoming to him. There is also contrast in the tale while the father to Eli if a war vet dedicated in serving his nation in defense against Vietnam, his sister if a war protestor and criticized the war. According to the author, the family is the centre of the tale. The stability of the family, definition and direction will always enable an individual to develop naturally in terms of emotions, psychologically, theologically and in so doing, the family and the entire world will become a healthy place where people grow up with moral understanding. Buy custom "The Good" essay

MBA Career Opportunities by Field of Study

MBA Career Opportunities by Field of Study An MBA (Master of Business Administration) degree opens up a wide variety of career opportunities, depending on the specialty you choose. Nearly every industry imaginable has the need for someone with an MBA. The type of job you can get will depend on your work experience, your MBA specialization, the school or program you graduated from, and your individual skill set. MBA Careers in Accounting MBA students who specialize in accounting could choose to work in public, private, or government accounting careers. Responsibilities may include managing accounts receivable or accounts payable departments and transactions, tax preparation, financial tracking, or accounting consultancy. Job titles may include accountant, comptroller, accounting manager, or financial accounting consultant. MBA Careers in Business Management Many MBA programs offer only a general MBA in management without further specializations. This inevitably makes management a popular career option. Managers are needed in every type of business. Career opportunities are also available in specific areas of management, such as human resources management, operation management, and supply chain management. MBA Careers in Finance Finance is another popular option for the MBA grad. Successful businesses always employ people who are knowledgeable about various areas of the financial market. Possible job titles include financial analyst, budget analyst, finance officer, financial manager, financial planner, and investment banker. MBA Careers in Information Technology The information technology field also needs MBA grads to oversee projects, supervise people, and manage information systems. Career options can vary depending on your MBA specialization. Many MBA grads choose to work as project managers, information technology managers, and information systems managers. MBA Careers in Marketing Marketing is another common career path for MBA grads. Most large businesses (and many small businesses) use marketing professionals in some way. Career options could exist in areas of branding advertising, promotions, and public relations. Popular job titles include marketing manager, branding specialist, advertising executive, public relations specialist, and marketing analyst. Other MBA Career Options There are many other MBA careers, including entrepreneurship, international business, and consulting. The MBA degree is highly respected in the business world, and if you network properly, update your skills regularly, and stay abreast of the industry you are interested in, your career options are virtually endless. Where to Find MBA Careers Most quality business schools have a career services department that can assist you with networking, resumes, cover letters, and recruiting opportunities. Take full advantage of these resources while you are in business school and after graduation. Online sites specifically dedicated to MBA graduates are another good source for your job hunt. A few to explore include: MBACareers.com - A place to search for jobs, post a resume, and explore career resources.MBA Highway - Provides online networking community, job search resources, and a job search engine powered by Indeed.The Best Consulting Firms for MBAs - A list of ThoughtCos best places to work as a consultant using your MBA degree. MBA Career Earnings There is really no limit to what you can earn throughout an MBA career. Many jobs pay in excess of $100,000 and allow for opportunities to earn bonuses or additional income. To determine average earning for a specific type of MBA career, use a Salary Wizard and enter the job title and location.

Fairy Tales and Gender Roles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fairy Tales and Gender Roles - Essay Example They seem to brig inspiration to the reader or viewer of the fairy tale. Fairy tale stories are meant to describe a life that is none existent. Sometimes they show a legendary figure who emerged as a result of a historical event (Greenway, Jennifer, and Erin, 14). They are used as a teaching tool in schools and can bring about the much needed knowledge by students about how this came to be. Fairy tales do not usually focus outside certain aspects like places, people, and certain religion. They derive their story more from a certain time in life: in that they do not dwell on the present, instead, they are more of a past time in history. They are characterized by a beginning, â€Å"once upon a time†, and an ending, â€Å"†¦happily ever after† (Greenway, Jennifer, and Erin, 33). In this essay, attention will be focused on one of the most famous fairy tales, Snow White. This fairy tale teaches and shows a lot, despite being a fairy tale that is based on fantasy. This l iterary piece of writing contains certain attributes that relate to gender roles, values that are important to both sexes, the existence of evil and the influence that the fairy tale has on society. In the film, the house chores are done by a happy Snow White who entertains herself by singing loudly. Here, the film goes on to show that such a girl, who at the time is cleaning and cooking, is happy despite her work. She is in a joyful mood despite working for people who do not treat her in accordance to how she is supposed to be treated. At this point, it is safe to say that she is doing chores usually designed for a woman. From the cooking, doing the dishes and cooking, women play their role in society without questioning why they are doing it. Snow White, despite the jobs being tiresome, performs her duties without complaining (Greenway, Jennifer, and Erin, 15). She has come to understand her role in society. In society, women are bound to perform certain tasks in their homes, or i n places they live. It goes on to show that they have accepted that as their role and that it is them that should perform them. The film was produced during the great depression when women were not allowed to work in farms and industries, but were to stay at home and do house chores (Stahly and Robert, 97). The film depicts women values such as being industrious, dutiful and longsuffering by snow white way of living and handling issues. From this, a lesson can be learnt; that even though women play their roles since it is they that should, they have other characteristics that are bound to grow on other people. When Snow White accidentally came upon a cottage in the middle of the forest after being released by the queens’ servant, she goes in, at this point showing her curiosity, and falls asleep till she is discovered by the dwarves. Her curiosity brought upon her good fortune. It could have brought her disaster, since entering a house whose owner(s) is not present could lead to certain consequences. Meeting with the seven dwarves, playing her role in ensuring they ate at the required moment and cleaning, goes on a long way to show just how women’s roles fit into society. Traditional and modern society have one thing in common; in that the roles that each member of the opposite sex performs. Snow White shows how women are supposed to be like in

Campari Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Campari Analysis - Case Study Example eing borrowed,whether the amount being asked for is realistic and whether it can be paid back in due time.Furthermore the CAMPARI analysis also requires a consideration of the risks and insurance and interest problems involved on the part of J &d D. This is where it can be seen that it might be potentially risky to lend to this business as the business plan has some obvious loopholes in the plan which may be deliberately omitted or otherwise. For example the plan omits the mention of the business relationship with the suppliers(whether its on credit or cash,bulk or just-in-time)The transportation and the duration of the supply of the goods is likewise omitted alongwith the possible perks and discounts this business is getting.These factors are important in assessing the financial viability of any business.So before any bank should decide to finance this business for two decades or more they should be convinced that this business is not a "one" hit wonder and how it plans to keep fina ncing the loan paybacks in the face of new market entrants and fierce competition.The plan is also unconvincing to economic lows and booms in the luxury goods department as rapid changes in income and the fashion market cannot generally account for the rapid changes in demand of these goods.Indeed the case for further or even initial lending is weak.The plan demonstrates a strong capital base but where the question of future income returns and profits begins there seems to be rather unconvincing proposition. Furthermore the plan has also spoken of expansion of the premises and this means that there is a danger of diminishing returns if any further capital is invested here. The problem with these economic factors is that they are unaccounted for in a CAMPARI analysis and thus cloud the view into the market viability of the business in the future. Based on the CAMPARI analysis alone it is hard to decipher the business owners as successful entrepreneurs. Arguably since the CAMPARI analysis focuses solely on financial statements there seems to be a missing link of the contributions the loan acquiring business owners are doing for it.In such a business it is the successful and innovative entrepreneurship rather than the capital base which can ensure stable returns for the bank over the next two decades of repayment of the loans. Furthermore as discussed in the next section the finance and loan sourcing of this business seems slightly shoddy and should be double checked to avoid bankruptcy losses. Identify which critical content is missing from the J & D (Newcastle) business plan, and assess its strengths and weaknesses In terms of critical content even though business plan looks promising and boosts of a thorough understanding of their business strategy which is based on the present demand trends, there are a number of gaps here which do not pertain particularly to financial information but it seems that the "character" analysis of the CAMPARI strategy of evaluation has been downplayed by colloquialisms and over confident statements pertaining to the promising consumer demand of the goods.(See the third,fourth and fifth section of the busine

Leonardo the Renaissance Man Essay Example for Free

Leonardo the Renaissance Man Essay During the Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci became a legend. He is noted as one of the greatest artists of his time as well as one of the greatest artists that ever lived. Throughout his life he accomplished many things and did them with astounding ability. Today people refer to someone who appears to have excelled in countless things as a â€Å"Renaissance Man†. Leonardo da Vinci is one of the best examples of this classification. Through always searching for more knowledge, he became well versed in many areas. Leonardo excelled in painting, scientific studies, mathematics, and countless other fields. Leonardo da Vinci is the best example of a true Renaissance Man. Although Leonardo was accomplished in many areas, his true talent was in his artwork. â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci excelled as a painter and was a pioneer of many painting techniques† (Leonardo Da Vinci: High Renaissance Artist, â€Å"Leonardo Da Vinci†). His skill in art came naturally. At a young age, it was discovered that Leonardo was talented at it. He loved to draw and was eventually admitted into an apprenticeship with one of the best known artists at the time, Andrea del Verrochio. Here he learned many techniques for painting which included oil painting, sfumato, tempera, and chiaroscuro. He used these techniques to paint many of his famous works. Some of which include the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, Madonna of the Rocks, and countless more. Leonardo was a member of the Compagnia di San Luca, a guild for talented artists. He was always sought after by commissioners and was paid highly for his work in the guild. Some say the reason why Leonardo was so highly adored was because he had a way of making the painting seam real and because he sought perfection in everything he did. Before starting a painting, Leonardo would sketch and do studies in his notebook in order to practice that perfection. If he started the final and it wasn’t good enough, he would abandon his work. Leonardo painted throughout his lifetime and had a very successful art career, painting over 25 successful pieces. Today he’s thought of as one of the best artists in history. â€Å"Leonardo was obsessed with unlocking the secrets of science†¦He believed by studying it carefully, it could be accurately reproduced† (Arwen, Leonardo da Vinci- the Genius). Throughout his life, Leonardo was fascinated by nature and all of its sciences. As a child he would sit outside and reproduce images of birds and flowers in his notebooks. This admiration for science continued into his adulthood when he started constructing drawings of the human body. Leonardo was so intrigued by this concept that he dissected human bodies in an attempt to learn all he could about them. All together, Leonardo performed nearly 30 dissections. While performing these studies, he drew his findings. He completed detailed sketches of the heart, skull, fetus, muscles, and bones which are still used today. Although natural curiosity kept Leonardo studying the human body, he started his obsession because he believed he would be able to better depict people in his paintings. Leonardo had a theory that artists possessed a unique skill of observation and they could accurately reproduce images if they studied what made them up. Anatomy was just one branch of Leonardo’s sci entific studies. He also studied aerodynamics, optics, geology, and mechanics. Leonardo eventually applied his findings by creating countless inventions such as a flying machine, a parachute, tanks, underwater equipment, and a number of weapons. Leonardo was very interested in mathematics and he had some success in this area as well. A friend of Leonardo said, â€Å"In his early forties this obsession with mathematics overtook him, and his notebooks began to fill up with geometrical sketches and diagrams† (Geometry in Art and Architecture, Unit 14). Just as Leonardo believed science was important in art, he also believed math was. He thought math was the basis of all things and it needed to be understood for painting purposes. Leonardo was interested especially in geometry. He discovered the proof for the Pythagorean Theorem and illustrated a book with one of the leading mathematicians at the time, Luca Pacioli. Leonardo also applied math in many of his architectural designs as well as his inventions. He used math to calculate the volume of his horse statue, in order to figure out how much bronze would be needed to complete it. It can be seen in his notebooks how infatuated Leonardo was in the study of math. For on numerous pages he drew and examined different geometrical shapes. Overall, it can be seen that Leonardo was well versed and successful in many areas. He was an accomplished painter, completing over 25 well known pieces. Also, Leonardo achieved advancements in science by dissecting over 30 bodies and drawing images of his findings which are still used today. He was knowledgeable in math and even illustrated a book with a leading mathematician. Leonardo da Vinci became a legend in his time and still is one to this day. He mastered many areas of study, obtaining the classification of a universal genius. There is no doubt that Leonardo da Vinci is the best example of a true Renaissance Man.

Essay --

The Effects of Concussions on the NFL For many years the NFL has been considered one of the most painful and dangerous sport played in the United States. But is it too Dangerous? The uprising number of concussions is shocking. NFL analysts survives suggest a 14 percent increase of concussions for the year 2013. Player safety rules have also been implemented into the official rule book. The three main effects that concussions have on the NFL today are big hits, big plays, and the defensive game played today. The NFL is known for its gruesome de-cleating hits on players, but the rising number of concussions has stripped players from being able to make these types of plays anymore! After the 2011 lawsuit, the NFL realized that new player safety rules had to be enforced into the NFL rule book. Rules such as no crown on crown to the helmet outside the tackle box have taken away the element of â€Å"big hits† in a football game. 1Redskin’s safety Brandon Meriwether was fined $42,000 for a helmet to helmet hit on Packer’s running back Eddie Lacey. Thank God for technology, because back in the 40’s they played football with leather a helmet. Also the NFL stated a new rule that each NFL team has to have a neurologist placed on the sideline for every official game. Jet’s player Jeremy Kerley suffered from a mind boggling week one injury. Kerley passed the mandatory concussion evaluation and soon after returns to the team. Suddenly, the following same day Jeremy was diagnosed with a concussion. I agree with the saying taking one the team, but playing with a concussion is like playing with fire. Some big hitters in the NFL are viewed as dirty players because of their bone crushing tackles. A lot of coaches like to blame big hits for the fact of... ...grams such as bigger, faster and stronger, there is no way that we can stop concussions from happening. I still watch and love football today but some part of me doesn’t think the defensive game is the same merely because of concussions. Although I think football should still be played in today society, a lot of people are viewing the game differently because of concussions. I disagree with hurting players, but some of the calls made this year dealing with tackling have made my mouth drop several times. Concussions effects on big hits, big plays, and defensive game style have changed the NFL for the worse. I understand that refs have to make what they see right calls, but in many cases players perform perfect technique and still get penalized. Although the NFL game is played at a high level, I believe concussions have taken some of the intensity away from players.

All quite on Western front-Enrich Maria Remarque Essay

Remarque, being a veteran German of the World War 1, could depict the physical and psychological duress, the government soldiers had to tolerate. He narrates the mental tug of war the soldiers had to bear on being detached from civic life comprising of family and friends. This mental war was allying with the field fight. Remarque in his book does not articulate heroism, but he gives a vivid description of the mental agitation the soldier goes through . having once sailed in the same ship, Remarque could feel the monotony and constant fight for life. This story relates to the kind of trauma and loneliness, the foot soldiers went through. The war had snatched their peace of mind there by causing a situation of alert all the while around them. There was an air of struggle flowing throughout, struggle for piece, struggle for victory, struggle for food and struggle for existence. Remarque remarks, the life of soldiers are always at a jolt and yet they appear old and dead being thoroughly, emotionally drained. The soldiers are here merely escaping from their own self. At this jovial age, the world of love that they had once created is brutally shattered to pieces by their own hands. The author depicts a poignant description by narrating the awe and feeling of being abandoned makes the mental state of the foot soldiers all the more morose. The protagonist of the story, Paul Baumer who was moved by his mentor, joined the German army and entangled himself into an unsigned bond of serving the country at the price of leaving behind the personal life which had just started showing the colors of youth brimming with high spirits. He had also left behind his ailing mother. But now avenues of repentance are lost. Many others like Paul had been a false prey to the futile war. This amusing anecdote throws light on the life in the trenches of the German camp. The outcome of the war brought nothing but destruction, death and needless waste of mankind. The youth directly, though bravely, encountered brutality, soiled dead bodies and evident death which might be their awaiting future. The story highlights the psychological insight resulting out of the pathetic incidences in the trenches. Though being part of the war, the protagonist and his co-mates realized the futility of the war which had brought with it a needless waste of human life in form of mass death. The trenches had a miserable and pitiable sight. The priceless human life turned valueless. Even a stone heart would surely melt at such a terrible death game. The very sight traumatizes people, but the soldiers were facing them boldly. Though trained to be tough, the soldiers break down at the loss and sufferings of the fellow beings. The cooks of the army cooks for hundred soldiers but ends up in serving eighty of them. They often show their frustration by declaring not to serve unless all hundred are present. But they realize the fact that this figure would always be a diminishing trend and complains fatality to none other than fate. The author depicts the character of Tjadesa as a carefree, apathetic person grinning over the cook’s reaction. Though it seemed that there were no trace of repercussions on Tjadesa, but it was his unnatural behavior which depicted his concern and fear. He showed joyous expressions despite the losing his comates for ever, this were out of gratitude of still being alive. Though tjedas’s behavior seemed weird, but his discrete way of accepting the inevitable losses. The ideas ejaculating out of the soldiers mind were often weird, like they felt the war should have been fought by the leaders within a ring rather than such merciless slaughtering and cruel blood shed. The futility of war has given rise to restraint traits of human like selfishness, jealousy, envy, violence and being opportunist. Eventually the brutal results of the war some how dries up the sense of morality, dignity, empathy and many such emotions in the soldiers and life becomes like an unfertile land yielding nothing grow more unfertile for days to come. Similarly wars too yield nothing but destruction, emptiness and ruined humanity. The war may end in victory but the society is held back by the rudderless youth detached from social and moral life and lives with frustrations of shattered dreams. The rumbustious youth turns into old folk. The author relates the feelings of Paula’s, â€Å"Youth! We are none of us more than twenty years old. But young? Youth? That is long ago. We are old folk. † BIBLIOGRAPHY: – Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front. – Wikipedia- All Quiet on the Western Front. – www. docshare. com.

Comparing Diverse African Cultures Essay

Throughout every culture there are many similar customs, however it is the personal experiences that make the cultures different and diverse. In the book Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the main character Okonkwo lives in Umofia until the tribe exiles him for accidentally killing a man in his village. After seven years the people of his village allow him to return to Umofia, among his return there are white missionaries in his village that have come to introduce christianity to his people. Okonkwo quickly realizes that his village is now unrecognizable. The short story Life Is Sweet At Kumansenu by Abioseh Nicol, expresses the strong relationships between the living and the dead that are present in African culture. The religious beliefs, social structures and attitudes toward the dead represented in Things Fall Apart are equally similar and different to the concepts present in the short story Life Is Sweet At Kumansenu. Death is a natural part of the circle of life, and the way the dead are treated varies from culture to culture. In Life Is Sweet At Kumansenu, a grandmother (Bola) and her granddaughter (Asi) receive an unexpected visit from the spirit of their son/father Meji. Except it is unknown to Bola and Asi that their loved one is a spirit until after he leaves them. Mr. Addai announces Meji’s death to the village on Monday, â€Å"‘But I tell you, he was here on Friday and left Sunday morning,’ Bola said. ‘He couldn’t have died on Friday.’† (Abioseh 10). The spirit of Meji had come back to his family to say his final goodbyes and thank his mother for all she had done for him. In the African culture they worship and praise the dead, as the dead are a huge part of their lives and culture. Similarly in Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo’s people believe in spirits of the Nigerian tribes, also called the egwugwu. The people of Umofia both fear and respect the egwugwu, â€Å"A woman fled as soon as an egwugwu came in sight. And when, as on that day, nine of the greatest masked spirits in the clan came out together it was a terrifying spectacle.† (Achebe 78). The people of Umofia believe that the egwugwu have magical powers, and know that when they are present someone will most likely be taken as a sacrifice to the gods. The people of African descent treat the dead with great respect and think highly of them. There are many different types of religion in the world, in many African cultures the people are polytheistic. In Things Fall Apart not only do they worship gods and priestesses but they idolize spirits too; like the ojbange. The ojbange is a child who has previously passed away, but has come back to haunt the mother and be reborn. â€Å"Some of them did become tired of their evil rounds of birth and death, or took pity on their mothers, and stayed.† (Achebe 70). Some of these children did continue their lives and grow into adults, but most of them die as young children or infants. Also in Life Is Sweet At Kumansenu the mothers of ojbange children are ridiculed and mocked by the village people. â€Å"All the years of their married life, people had said she was a witch because her children had died young.†(Abioseh 6). Even though most likely it is not the fault of the mother that their child had died, the people of the village overlook that and continue to outcast them for their â€Å"witchcraft†. A major social custom in African culture and many other cultures is food. Food has the power to bring a lot of people together. In Things Fall Apart we see this during the feast for Obierika’s daughters wedding shower. â€Å"As the evening wore on, food was presented to the guests. There were huge bowls of foo-foo and steaming pots of soup. There were also pots of yam pottage. It was a great feast.† (Achebe 104). Everyone, all over the world, eats food; it is the recipes and different dishes that make the experience diverse. Similarly in Life Is Sweet At Kumansenu, Bola uses food to welcome home her son. â€Å"We must make a feast, we must have a big feast. I must tell the neighbors at once.† (Abioseh 3). Bola’s excitement that her son is home calls for a celebration. When having people over nine out of ten times food will be involved in some way. Food is something that most all people have in common, and is something they think about everyday. The religious beliefs, attitudes toward the dead and social customs make Things Fall Apart and Life Is Sweet At Kumansenu equally similar and different. Two different African stories, from the same culture but that have different traditions and techniques is what makes our society different and diverse.

Exploitation of Canadian Abori essays

Exploitation of Canadian Abori essays Exploitation of the Canadian Aboriginal The Plains Natives of Canada, two major tribes being the Cree and the Blackfoot, faced many obstacles in their pre-treaty days. These obstacles made them more open to a change in life-style proposed to them by the inflow of Europeans to the West of Canada, Native land. Although these propositions seemed to be the answer to their problems, more issues arose then the Plains People were capable of dealing with. The largest issue was the onset of cultural shock due to the assimilation into European culture, and the loss of their traditions and identities. In order to understand the reasons why the Natives of Western Canada felt obligated to sign a treaty that would end traditional life-styles, it is imperative to first consider the restraints that they were facing pre-treaty. Basically, the Plains Indians were nomadic, and relied heavily on their primary source for food and utilities. This treasured animal was the buffalo. Upon the introduction of horses and guns by European traders, hunting buffalo became easy and successful. The unfortunate effect of these untraditional hunts, was the disappearance of this food source. Also, Non-Natives contributed to this exhaustion of buffalo by hunting for hides. "Non-Native hunters were particularly objectionable: they used repeating rifles to kill countless buffalo for their hides, and they poisoned the carcasses with strychnine to destroy wolves so that they could obtain these animals too." (Ray, p.210) This, of course, had major repercussions for the Plains Natives, who were in desp erate need to find a new way of survival. The Europeans entered this scene with a solution to the Native's dwindling food source. They brought with them the techniques of farming and ranching, which they offered to teach the Plains People. "One of the major feature of Treaty 7 that distinguished it from the previous numbered treaties was the commitment by the...

Tables of Regular Italian Verb Endings

Tables of Regular Italian Verb Endings While there are many irregular verbs in Italian (not pointing any fingers at you,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"essere† or â€Å"avere†), a vast number of them follow a pattern that can be memorized and then applied on the spot. Below you’ll find tables with verbs endings for regular first-, second-, and third-conjugation verbs. INDICATIVE/INDICATIVO Present/Presente ENDING ARE ERE IRE I singular o o o/isco II i i i/isci III a e e/isce I plural iamo iamo iamo II ate ete ite III ano ono ono/iscono Mangiare - to eat io mangio noi mangiamo tu mangi voi mangiate lui, lei, Lei mangia Essi, Loro mangiano Credere - to believe io credo noi crediamo tu credi voi credete lui, lei, Lei crede Essi, Loro credono Partire - to leave io parto noi partiamo tu parti voi partite lui, lei, Lei parte Essi, Loro partono You may notice that in the third-conjugation section (-ire), there are two options- â€Å"-o† and â€Å"-isco.†Ã‚  So how do you know which one to use? The verbs that end in â€Å"-isc† are a part of a special group of third conjugation Italian verbs (verbs ending in –ire). One good example of such verbs is finire (to finish). PRESENT INDICATIVE //  finire - to finish io finisco noi finiamo tu finisci voi finite lui, lei, Lei finisce Essi, Loro finiscono Note that the â€Å"-isc† needs to be added to the stem of all three singular (io, tu, lei) and the third-person plural (loro) forms in the present subjunctive tenses, as well as the second and third person singular and the third-person plural forms of the present imperative tense. Other verbs that need the -isc- suffix and are conjugated similar to finire include  capire  and  preferire. Unfortunately, there is no way to know which third conjugation verbs are isc verbs beyond memorizing them. Imperfect/Imperfetto ENDING ARE ERE IRE I singular avo evo ivo II avi evi ivi III ava eva iva I plural avamo evamo ivamo II avate evate ivate III avano evano ivano Mangiare - to eat io mangiavo noi mangiavamo tu mangiavi voi mangiavate lui, lei, Lei mangiava Essi, Loro mangiavano Credere - to believe io credevo noi credevamo tu credevi voi credevate lui, lei, Lei credeva Essi, Loro credevano Partire - to leave io partivo noi partivamo tu partivi voi partivate lui, lei, Lei partiva Essi, Loro partivano Past absolute/Passato remoto ENDING ARE ERE IRE I singular ai ei/etti ii II asti esti isti III /ette I plural ammo emmo immo II aste este iste III arono erono/ettero irono Mangiare - to eat io mangiai noi mangiammo tu mangiasti voi mangiaste lui, lei, Lei mangi loro, Loro mangiarono Credere - to believe, to think io credei/credetti noi credemmo tu credesti voi credeste lui, lei, Lei cred/credette loro, Loro crederono/credettero Partire - to leave io partii noi partimmo tu partisti voi partiste lui, lei, Lei part loro, Loro partirono Note that the past remote tense isn’t as commonly used in daily conversation in the center and the north of Italy. It’s used, but if you’re a beginner or intermediate student, it makes more sense to stick to the tenses you’re going to need to have a flexible and fluid conversation, like the other three listed as well as il passato prossimo. Future/Futuro semplice ENDING ARE ERE IRE I singular er er ir II erai erai irai III er er ir I plural eremo eremo iremo II erete erete irete III eranno eranno iranno Mangiare - to eat io manger noi mangeremo tu mangerai voi mangerete lui, lei, Lei manger loro, essi mangeranno Credere - to believe io creder noi crederemo tu crederai voi crederete lui, lei, Lei creder loro, essi crederanno Partire - to leave io partir noi partiremo tu partirai voi partirete lui, lei, Lei partir loro, essi partiranno

Freedom in Paradise Lost by Milton and Cain by Byron Essay

Freedom in Paradise Lost by Milton and Cain by Byron - Essay Example Both of them develop their argument on the basis of the well-known events from the Bible. Human creatures of God experience their devoted Christian faith, whereas their minds are looking for freedom. There is a common thread between Milton’s and Byron’s creative heritage. Both of these two authors are exploring freedom and constraint as fasteners of a human existence. It is impossible to live without longing for freedom. Lucifer in Byron’s Cain says that â€Å"‘Nothing can / Quench the mind†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 1. Freedom is interpreted as a feature of mind. To think freely means to live without any constraints. To be guided by reason and not by impulses means to be free. From another perspective, Adam and Eve were looking for freedom in their ability to think beyond moral and religious templates. Freedom of choice was their final goal. They were excluded from heaven, but they did not complain that their exclusion was the highest price for their freedom. Cain paid much for being free, but their longing for freedom were ever lasting and worth being strived for. Milton’s opposition: freedom of mind vs freedom of choice At first, Milton depicts Eve and Adam as devoted followers of God. They are driven by his constant power and they are driven into temptation to eat the forbidden fruit by Satan. It is rather paradoxical that such kind of behavior occurs between these two beloved and devoted Christians:   But of this Tree we may not taste nor touch; God so commanded, and left that Command Sole Daughter of his voice; the rest, we live Law to ourselves, our Reason is our Law2.    For Eve reason is not her law. A command of God is beyond reason of Eve and Adam. They blindly believe in God and follow his commandments. Milton questions the limits of God’s command; he tries to find out whether it is unreasonable or whether it is an act of his will only. Freedom of Eve and Adam can be found in their faith and not in their reason. Freed om is not only to accept the laws of God, but to follow those laws as well. There is a hint about the Christian Doctrine and the way the Christians consider God to be â€Å"a beneficent and omnipotent deity who is always to be obeyed and free to believe that he is an envious oppressor, obedience to whom results in  unhappiness and self-debasement.3† These beliefs of Adam and Eve are contrasting with the beliefs of the Christian doctrine. A failure of Adam and Eve can thus be found in their failure of reason. An act of faith and an act of freedom are contrasted in Eve’s considerations about her eating of the forbidden fruit. Her fall is the result of her spontaneous actions and escape from her faith. Moreover, not only Adam and Eve make their decisions tearing about freedom of faith and freedom of reason, but also all other human beings, who are driven into temptation by their seducers. An inner freedom should be exercised independently from reason. At the same time, freedom of mind is freedom of existence. First, free your mind and you will be free. In the book 9, where the fall of Adam and Eve is discussed, Milton claims that: "the crucial matter is what they think of God's words-that is, of how they conceive them-which is finally, of course, a question of how they conceive him"4. There is no doubt that Milton correlates the issue of freedom with the issue of God. These two concepts are inseparable in his epic poem. A free choice of faith is an ability to choose God you want to follow. These words can be read between

BBA (HONS) Legal % Ethical Environment of Business Essay

BBA (HONS) Legal % Ethical Environment of Business - Essay Example Additionally, CSR-focused businesses would actively endorse the public interest by boosting community development and growth, and willingly eliminating practices that damage the public sphere, irrespective of lawfulness. CSR is the thoughtful inclusion of public responsibility into business decision-making that is the fundamental area of the business or firm, and the celebration of a triple bottom line: people, planet and profit. The word "corporate social responsibility" was coined in the late 1960s and early 1970s, after numerous multinational corporations shaped into being. The term stakeholder was also used, referring to those on whom an organization's doings and actions have an influence, to define corporate owners beyond shareholders as a consequence of a prominent book by R. Edward Freeman, Strategic management: a stakeholder approach in 1984 (Bhattacharya, Sen & Korschun, 2008). Supporters argue that businesses make more long term profits by functioning with a perspective, wh ile on the other hand, critics contend that CSR diverts from the economic role of businesses. Others debate CSR is purely an attempt at window-dressing, or an endeavour to forestall the role of governments as a regulator over powerful multinational corporations (Shumate & O’ Connor, 2010). ... ISO 26000 is the renowned international standard for CSR (presently a Draft International Standard). It is extensively recognised that CSR follows the similar philosophies but with no formal piece of legislation. As my case study, I have chosen The Walt Disney Company in order to analyse their Corporate Social Report to assess how effectively they meet their stakeholders’ needs and interests. According to The Walt Disney Company, kids as well as families are at the core of Disney. They are their most significant audience and their stimulation for new Disney entertainment as well as involvements. They incessantly attempt to delight and amaze their consumers as well as guests, and to do so in a modern and appropriate way. Parents as well as caregivers are key associates in assisting, guiding as well as shaping their methodology to entertainment for kids. Parents identify their kids best. The Walt Disney Company strives for equilibrium when evolving age-appropriate entertainment involvements. They want kids to adore their entertainment, in addition to the parents trusting them to be distributing quality content. There are four chief principles entrenched in their method of family entertainment: Promising positive growth Constructing content for kids of all ages Affiliating with parents Generating safe environments Their objective in boosting positive development is to encounter kids where they are developmentally, with age-appropriate activities that are appropriate, fun and thought-provoking to them. They aspire to carry out the best in kids by providing amusing, moving, exhilarating, exciting, astounding, delightful and enlightening entertainment experiences that they can later impart on their family and friends. Their emphasis on positive growth comes to

Enron and Arthur Anderson Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Enron and Arthur Anderson - Research Paper Example In 1986, Enron moved its headquarters to Houston from Omaha. In 1990, Kenneth Lay was joined at Enron by Jeffery Skilling, his former consultant. Later, Jeffery Skilling would become the chief operating officer of the company (Fusaro and Miller 12). Andrew Fastow is Enron’s chief financial officer. Sherron Watkins is Enron’s vice president of corporate development. Jeffrey Skilling is the president of the corporation and Kenneth Lay is Enron’s chairperson (Eichenwald 5). Andrew Fastow is more than a minor actor in the Enron saga. He develops discrete business entities that are not manifested in the chief financial statements of the company. It is Andrew Fastow who creates the complicated web of off-balance sheet corporations that permit Enron to conceal its authentic financial situation from shareholders (Eichenwald 31). In addition, through the dealings of the chief financial officer, the company is involved in a large number of offshore associations, a financial issue, and concealed more than $1 billion dollars in liability through some of these companies. It is this complicated plan that causes its collapse. Sherron Watkins is perceived by numerous people as the whistleblower that has assisted in revealing the Enron saga. Sherron Watkins blows the whistle by warning the Kenneth Lay, Enron’s chairperson of the tremendous financial indiscretions in accounting reports (Eichenwald 32). Nevertheless, she has been critiqued for failing to speak up overtly earlier about her fear, as her memorandum does not get to the people until five months later. Jeffrey Skilling is presumed to be careless and does not pose an intention of harming stakeholders but does not take the necessary precautions to protect them. The corporation adopts market to market accounting during Jeffrey Skilling’s leadership. This strategy predicts future earnings from any business will be given an explanation for by approximating their

Human rights institutions

Human rights institutions Introduction AIDS and HIV affect the lives of every human being, from those who are HIV-positive, those who know someone who is infected and those non-infected people. This is because, once AIDS and HIV hit, it will in directly or directly influences aspects of our life. As a matter of fact, AIDS is the only health concern in the world that has its own United Nations agency, also known as UNAIDS. However, apart from the work of the United Nations and its several organs does, there are several other international organisations that operate in the worldwide fight against AIDS and HIV. Examples of these international organisations are the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the African Union (AU). The United Nations The United Nations does not only contribute to the fight against AIDS and HIV by supply financial, technical and human resources to UNAIDS organisation only, but also coordinate a collaboration of projects and schemes through the majority of the UN agencies. These organisations all have their own particular international responses to reverse the spread of AIDS and HIV virus. Such illustrations are these international organisations: Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food expenditure in Sub-Saharan African has dropped by forty per cent in rural villages because of the AIDS and HIV virus. As stated by Marcela Villarreal who is a FAO and AIDS specialist Food is the first medicine for HIV/AIDS and often the only medicine as tragic as it is to be orphaned, it is very different being orphaned at 15 years of age than being orphaned at 7. If parents could live a few more years, they could take their children to the fields and teach them by doing.[1] In brief, parents cannot pass on the agricultural trade to their children, if their children are already orphaned by the age they could learn and understand. For this reason, FAO is working on the issue that everyone should have access to food. Food and agricultural are two vital issues for AIDS and HIV prevention, because malnutrition will increase body infections and spread AIDS-related illnesses in communities where extreme poverty reigns. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Based in Vienna, IAEA is operating to provide the technological expertise and the know-how to underdeveloped countries in regards to health and food nourishment. In 2005 the IAEA and its Director Dr. Mohammed El Baradei won the Nobel Peace Prize for the prevention of nuclear energy being used for military intentions instead for peaceful measures and goals. Therefore, IAEA decided to distribute the Nobel Peace Prize with the whole world by establishing the IAEA Nobel Prize Cancer and Nutrition Fund. This fund sponsor knowledgeable experts and research related to aid infant malnutrition and health in developing countries. Over the years the IAEA has supported numerous activities in infant nutrition where stable isotope techniques have been applied. These include projects to measure human milk intake in breast-fed infants, lean body mass (muscle mass) in lactating mothers, and bioavailability of iron in infants and young children.[2] International Labour Organisation (ILO) As stated by Juan Somavia, Director of ILO HIV/AIDS is a major threat to the world of work: it is affecting the most productive segment of the labour force and reducing earnings, and it is imposing huge costs on enterprises in all sectors through declining productivity, increasing labour costs and loss of skills and experience.[3] Concisely, employment plays a crucial role in AIDS and HIV prevention, because there are several matters that indirectly affect the livelihoods of human beings who are HIV-positive, such as: sexual discrimination, child labour and universal fundamental human rights. Thus, if there are more people who are not infected by AIDS or HIV, they can find a decent job sustain themselves and their family and thus in the end they are economically contributing the society and increasing the economic wealth. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Based in Geneva, UNAIDS is an innovative joint venture of the United Nations family, bringing together the efforts and resources of ten UN system organizations in the AIDS response to help the world prevent new HIV infections, care for people living with HIV, and mitigate the impact of the epidemic.[4] As a result since 2000, AIDS become an international health concern when the UN Security Council approved Resolution 1308, following this event; a series of achievements became apparent about the importance to reverse the spread of AIDS and HIV for instance the 2000 Millennium Development Goals, the 2001 Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS and the 2006 Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS.[5] UNAIDS is also working in partnership with UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, UNDP, UNFPA, UNODC, ILO, UNESCO, WHO, World Bank, NGOs, MNCs and governments to put to an end AIDS by the year 2015. Office for the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) In 2001, the UN General Assembly ratified the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, as part of the programme to fight AIDS and HIV by promoting universal human rights on a domestic, regional and international level. Annex 1 of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/ AIDS states that [T]he full realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all is an essential element in a global response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic, including in the areas of prevention, care, support and treatment, and [] it reduces vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and prevents stigma and related discrimination against people living with or at risk of HIV/AIDS.[6] These universal human rights consist of health, gender equality, basic education and decent employment, which all play a significant role to fight AIDS and HIV epidemic. Therefore, if these human rights are not respected, human beings are vulnerable to be infected by this pandemic disease. United Nation Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) UNIFEMs procedure is targeted to help women and young girls combating AIDS and HIV from sexual relations, have access to reproductive health, by promoting maternal health and preventing mother to child transmissions. This is because gender inequality and violations of womens rights make women and girls particularly susceptible, leaving them with less control than men over their bodies and their lives. Women and girls often have less information about HIV and fewer resources to take preventive measures. They face barriers to the negotiation of safer sex, including economic dependency and unequal power relations.[7] Thus, UNIFEM forefront approach is reducing aggression and discrimination against women, improving women decision-making power and decreasing the household burden women carry on their own, especially when it comes to taking care of HIV-positive relatives while continuing to manage their household and working full-time. United Nations Childrens Emergency Fund (UNCEF) AIDS and HIV has radically altered the perspective of Sub-Saharan African children on how they view the world, especially if they are orphaned at a young age with nowhere to go and no one to feel belong to. As a result, UNICEF launched its response to prevent the transmission of AIDS and HIV particularly among children is by encouraging thefour Ps guide, which are preventing mother-to-child transmission, providing paediatric care, preventing infection among adolescents and protecting children affected by AIDS.[8] The 2005 campaign Unite for Children, Unite Against AIDS was aimed to do away with the situation that few children reach beyond their fifth birthday, because of child mortality, inadequate medical care and lack of primary education. UNICEF isnt just seeking to eliminate AIDS among children, but according to Mr. Jimmy Kolker UNICEF Chief of HIV/AIDS and Associate Director of Programmes, UNICEFs goal is to eliminate the need for that treatment by seeing an AIDS-free generation .[9] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) UNDP is undertaking the responsibility to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS and reduce its impact. As a trusted development partner, and co-sponsor of UNAIDS, it helps countries put HIV/AIDS at the centre of national development and poverty reduction strategies; build national capacity to mobilize all levels of government and civil society for a coordinated and effective response to the epidemic; and protect the rights of people living with AIDS, women, and vulnerable populations.[10] UNDP is currently concentrating on AIDS in relation to development planning and mainstreaming; governance of AIDS responses; international law, human rights, gender equality such as sexual minorities, public health and development partnerships, basic education and maternal and child morality.[11] United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) UNESCO is working to stop the spread of AIDS and HIV around the world, by eradicating the social and cultural barriers and put forward on its international agenda the issue of universal education. This is because by increasing [the] role of education sectors is also a recognition that a good education is one of the most effective ways of helping young people to avoid HIV/AIDS.[12] Education is the basic foundation of every human being. Without education, human beings are more prone to be vulnerable to AIDS and HIV and that particular individual cannot develop the knowledge of trade so that anyone can economically stable. On the other hand, through its programme The Cultural Approach to HIV and AIDS Prevention and Care UNESCO is continuing to eliminate cultural ignorance of the local citizens to help them combat the stigma and discrimination that surrounds AIDS and HIV. United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) As stated by Achim Steiner, Executive Director of the UNEP, UNEP as the principal UN body in the field of the environment, recognizes that human well-being is the focus of environment and sustainable development issues. Tackling poverty, promoting gender equality and combating HIV/AIDS are all linked to environmental sustainability; just as environmental sustainability is an essential component of achieving all the UN Millennium Development Goals.[13] In fact, developing countries were the least countries emitting greenhouse gas emissions, but they were the most affected by climate change due to desertification, lack of rain and drought. The environment erected a barrier towards AIDS and HIV prevention since there was the lack of food storage among African citizens. Thus, this is why, UNEP is contributing its share to compensate African countries which are the most badly affected by the issue of climate change. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Refugees around the world are more prone to be infected by AIDS and HIV because of ethnic conflict, dislocation, food insecurity and extreme poverty.[14] Food insecurity is the major cause for the fleeing of thousands of refugees to neighbouring countries for shelter and a chance to have a better life. However, refugees who leave their homeland, because of racial clashes often take whatever they have in hand to escape. Once they are in another region they are in deeper poverty because they do not have sufficient money to start a new life and thus they end up living in slum areas and relying on begging in order to get something to eat. Therefore, UNHCR is operating on the notion of food insecurity is the result for the spread of AIDS and HIV since human beings especially women against their wish turn to sex work as a means to economically sustain themselves. United Nations Human Settlements Programmes (UN-Habitat) UN-Habitat is working together with local and international policy-makers to improve this lies of people living both in urban and rural areas. These measure which include improved water and sanitation facilities, enhance the lives slum dwellers, eliminate extreme poverty and encourage sustainable development. Dr. Anna Kajumulo Tibaijuka Executive Director of UN-Habitat, stated that in order to prevent the continuation of the spread of AIDS and HIV, one needs to first focus on the goal to have secure shelter, because without a secure home, and a caring family and community, it was difficult, if not impossible, to provide health care and effective counselling to those afflicted.[15] In other words, UN-Habitat has the responsibility to prevent AIDS and HIV, by first tackling the issue of safe housing particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa where there are a lot of homeless people due to extreme poverty. United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) UNODC is in charge on the issue to prevent AIDS and HIV epidemic among injecting drug users and in prison settings around the world especially in the Sub-Saharan region. Therefore, the UNODC is mainstreaming HIV and AIDS into its activities at the national, regional and global levels, and is helping States and civil society organizations to develop and implement comprehensive HIV and AIDS prevention and care programmes for injecting drug users.[16] Also, with the slogan Think AIDS, before you start, before you shoot, before you share, the UNODC is aiming to increase awareness and knowledge on the dangers of illegal substances and their relation to AIDS and HIV viruses especially among adolescents. This is because, it is estimated that there are around 16 million drug users globally and there is the possibility that one in five are HIV-positive.[17] United Nations Population Fund (UNPFA) UNPFAs responsibility is to promote prevention of AIDS and HIV among all genders and all generations, because UNPFA considers AIDS and HIV as an international humanitarian crisis that affects every human being around the globe. These are mainly done by distributing contraceptives and knowledge of birth control among women, refugees and young people, advertising universal access to health especially anti-retroviral drugs, gender equality, respect for human rights and eliminate abject poverty. UNPFA view the role of women as a key factor towards the progress of AIDS and HIV prevention. In fact, as stated by Ms. Thoraya Ahmed Obaid, Executive Director of UNFPA Women who have been affected by the epidemic are the real experts in the response to HIV Their experience allows them to give concrete, practical, down-to-earth advice. But their participation must continue beyond an advisory role. Women should also have more say in budgetary decisions.[18] World Food Programme (WFP) Like FAO and UNHCR, WFP is tackling the issue of food security as a root for AIDS and HIV prevention. Famine in Sub-Saharan African countries has forces local citizens to turn into piracy, crime and prostitution to feed themselves and their family. This is why WFP is working to distribute food as food is the forefront means against the battle of AIDS and HIV disease. According to James T. Morris, Executive Director of WFP, he believes that Existing therapies require sound nutrition. Adequate food is essential for prolonging the lives of parents and enabling them to have a few more precious weeks, months or maybe even years to work and spend time with their families. Perhaps we cannot give them hope for a cure, but we can give them time.[19] In other words, Sub-Saharan African people, apart from decent supply of medicines and drugs they are in need more of good quality of food. World Health Organisation (WHO) WHO is at the front position in regards to the wellbeing and health of citizens of those who are HIV-positive, are affected by AIDS and HIV or are in danger to be infected by this pandemic disease. Moreover, WHO strategic plan to prevent the spread of HIV and AIDS are by facilitate inhabitants to know their HIV status, enlarge the health divisions towards the continuation of AIDS and HIV prevention, increase the development of HIV treatment, support and care, improve and enlarge health procedure, Invest in premeditated knowledge and awareness for better education in regards to AIDS and HIV response.[20] These five important guidelines will help to give a better life to patients suffering from AIDS or HIV. Policies of the African Union African Union is a pan-African and inter-governmental organisation that aims to have a mutual partnership to increase affluence and peaceful relations between all African nation states. This union, which consists of thirty-five member states, is currently chaired by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi of the Great Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The African Unions purposes in international relations is to point towards to promote unity and solidarity among African States; to coordinate and intensify cooperation for development; to safeguard the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Member States and to promote international cooperation within the framework of the United Nations.[21] Above all, the African Union has various projects to put Africa on the international agenda, among these projects there are specific measures taken to eliminate the burden of malaria, tuberculosis and AIDS and HIV in Africa. These international health concerns are tackled, on an international level, with a collaboration of other international organisations such as the United Nations and the Millennium Development Goals. In order to deal with the problem of AIDS and HIV in Africa, the AU on May 2006 organised a Special Summit themed as the Universal Access to HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria Services by 2010 in Abuja, Nigeria. This summit included delegations from civil society organizations, the UN and its agencies together with members of the African Union and its thirty-five AU member states. This summit started with a follow-up of the results that came out from the 2000 Declarations and Frameworks for Action on the Abuja Summit on Roll Back Malaria and the 2001 Abuja Summit on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Other Related Infectious Diseases.[22] However, this special summit set out new goals that were: first is to re-evaluate the accomplishments made since the 2000 and the 2001 Abuja summits to make sure the AU reach the objectives, in the context of the Millennium Development Goals. Second is to recognise the disparities, limitations and confrontations of the aims of the Abuja Summits and Millenni um Development Goals. Third is to ascertain new plan of action that will allow the African Union to keep a record of additional and more pragmatic route with regards to attain the mention targets. Fourth is to get hold of the improved responsibility of the African Leaders for addressing the diseases of AIDS/HIV, malaria and tuberculosis and encouraging health and wellbeing in Africa. Fifth is to intensify the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) within the framework of the New Partnership for Africas development (NEPAD) and for assessing the development towards establishing social development. And, sixth was to plan Africas Common Position to global forums such as the 2006 UNGASS on AIDS and the 2006 World Health Assembly.[23] Recently, between the 4th and the 8th of May 2009 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia was launched the 4th Session of the AU Conference of Ministers of Health. The subject of this conference was Universal Access to Quality Health Services: Improve Maternal Neonatal and Child Health. The AU Conference of Ministers of Health provided an important forum for Member States, development partners and other stakeholders to, among others: review progress in health sector development, particularly universal access to services and the health-related MDGs in Africa; devise/adopt strategies for accelerated action towards more effective implementation of commitments for promotion of maternal and child health, survival and well-being in Africa; share experiences and learn from each other as concerns ongoing programmes and activities on health and development in Africa.[24] In other words, this conference shows that African states especially Sub-Saharan countries are well aware about problems in their individu al health sector, and the lack of medicine and drugs to combat HIV and other AIDS-related diseases. Therefore, this is why they are working in an alliance to achieve mutual goals. This conference also publicly introduced the AUs Campaign on Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa. As well as, the African Union is also giving special attention by concentrating on the issue of AIDS and HIV among the armed forces. Furthermore, on July 2009 in Sirte, Libya during the ordinary session of the African Union launched a programme named Investing in Agriculture for Economic Growth and Food Security.'[25] Overall, all of these key procedures are taken to deal with the issue of health and wellbeing especially AIDS and HIV from an African perspective, particularly focused to help fellow Sub-Saharan African states. African policy-makers and leaders are taking considerate interest to fight AIDS and HIV from every viewpoint, because they know at firsthand about the social, cultural and economical difficulties this virus brings among their nation. Thus, this is why they are undertaking the notions of health both maternal and infant wellbeing, the local economy, national security and agricultural and food security as a serious matter. Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was founded in 2002, by a mutual partnership between national governments, the civil society, bilateral and multilateral international organizations, the private sector and affected societies stand in for innovative paradigm to global health funding.[26] The Global Fund is an exclusive international public and private partnership dedicated to attracting and disbursing additional resources to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. On June 10th 2009, the Global Fund participated in the 2009 HIV/AIDS Implementers Meeting in Windhoek, Namibia, together with the U.S. Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), UNAIDS, UNICEF, WHO, World Bank and The Global Network of People living with HIV (GNP+). This meeting themed Optimizing the Response: Partnerships for Sustainability, attracted more than 1,500 representatives of governmental and non-governmental institutions related to AIDS and HIV. The scope of this conference was to implement a strategic plan and new policies for prevention that will help to stop the spread of AIDS and HIV around the world. In fact, recognizing the importance of a sustainable global AIDS response, the focus of this years meeting will be on optimizing the impact of prevention, treatment and care programs; enhancing program quality; promoting coordination among partners; and encouraging innovative responses to the pandemic.[27] Carla Bruni-Sarkozy who is Frances First Lady is currently the ambassador for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Ms. Bruni-Sarkosy is advocating the issue of mother-to-child transmission, by giving a voice on an international level for the many women and children suffering from or affected by AIDS and HIV. On September 2009, Ms. Bruni-Sarkozy delivered a speech at the UN General Assembly, to call on all world leaders to guarantee the increase of the amount of anti-retroviral drugs to HIV-positive expecting mothers. During her speech, which also attended by UN General Secretary Ban Ki-Moon, Carla Bruni-Sarkozy stated that In large parts of the world, the face of AIDS is a womans face, and often the face of a mother, a mother afraid for herself and for her child. Isnt this a major failure of our efforts to promote development, when women under treatment can better care for themselves and their families, and form the solid foundation of an entire community, an enti re economy?[28] Concisely, Bruni-Sarkozys vision is that, if African countries, with the help of Western nation states remove the barriers and start to educate women about maternal and reproductive health. This investment will build on fertile grounds, the basis of loving and supporting families which will be beneficial to the whole society and will results in better economic system that will be valuable to the whole nation. As part of World AIDS Day campaign, on 1st of December 2009, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria together with The U.S. Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief introduced another project that will mutually be providing anti-retroviral drugs to more than three million patients, around the world who live in states that have low or middle wages. PEPFAR and the Global Fund enjoy a complementary and supportive relationship in the fight against HIV and AIDS worldwide. In order to exploit synergies, PEPFAR and Global Fund-financed programs coordinate at the country level to ensure that resources are used efficiently and effectively. Collaboration and coordination are crucial to the efficient use of money and for making further progress in providing AIDS treatment and care to the millions still in need.[29] In other words, both PEPFAR and the Global Fund aim to eliminate AIDS and HIV around the world by promoting preventive health care as well as anti-retroviral drugs t o patients suffering from AIDS or HIV in developed and underdeveloped countries. This is mainly done, by making the most of their available medicine to reach the vast number of people as possible, and thus change for the better the lives of the citizens. The Global Funds mission is to bring international health concerns like AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria on the international agenda so that the general public around the world can educate oneself about prevention and symptoms of such diseases. It also inform the civil society about how it badly effective underdeveloped countries such as Sub-Saharan states because of the lack of education that is available to the public. This is why, the Global Fund had launched a series of schemes and project to donate medicine and drugs in order to cure patients affected by AIDS and HIV or other related illness while educating those people who are not infected on how to prevent being contaminated by this virus. Conclusion AIDS and HIV consumes health, resources and productivity within the national and international; community. Therefore, this is why we are in need of a global response to fight AIDS and HIV illness from every aspect, because every aspect of ones life that is from education to health to housing to the national economy, affects the lives of the inhabitants especially those who are in danger to be infect by HIV or have an AIDS-related infection. Affluence plays a major role in the policy of a nation state, because the wealthier the country is, the more people can have a better standard of living and distant from any deathly disease. This is why the UN, AU and the Global Fund are bringing about the downfall of AIDS and HIV by implementing policies from every outlook. http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2002/11580-en.html [assessed December 2009] Kinley D. III (ed.) (2006) IAEA Nobel Peace Prize Cancer and Nutrition Fund. Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency. Page: 7. Citing Juan Somavia, Director-General of the International Labour Organisation (2001) An ILO Code of Practice on HIV/AIDS and the World of Work. Geneva: International Labour Office. Page: iii. http://www.unaids.org/en/AboutUNAIDS/default.asp [assessed December 2009] http://www.unaids.org/en/AboutUNAIDS/Goals/default.asp [assessed December 2009] Citing the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS from OHCHR and UNAIDS (2007) Handbook on HIV and Human Rights for National Human Rights Institutions. Geneva: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Page: 3. http://www.unifem.org/gender_issues/hiv_aids/ [assessed December 2009] http://www.unicef.org/aids/index.php [assessed December 2009] Citing Mr. Jimmy Kolker UNICEF Chief of HIV/AIDS and Associate Director of Programmes from http://www.unicef.org/aids/index_51958.html [assessed December 2009] http://www.undp.org/hiv/ [assessed December 2009] http://www.undp.org/hiv/docs/UNDP%20response%20to%20AIDS_08.pdf?asset_id=1671970 [assessed December 2009] http://www.ibe.unesco.org/AIDS/doc/WorldBank_Sourcebook.pdf [assessed December 2009] http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=496ArticleID=5445l=en [assessed December 2009] http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/search?page=searchdocid=42f31d492query=aids and hiv [assessed December 2009] http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=3011catid=5typeid=6subMenuId=0 [assessed December 2009] http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/hiv-aids/ [assessed December 2009] http://www.unodc.org/docs/thinkaids/Factsheets_2009/factsheet_EN.pdf [assessed December 2009] Citing Ms. Thoraya Ahmed Obaid, Executive Director of UNFPA from http://www.unfpa.org/public/cache/offonce/News/pid/1141 [assessed December 2009] Citing James T. Morris, Executive Director of WFP from http://www.wfp.org/sites/default/files/First%20Line%20of%20Defense%20English.pdf [assessed December 2009] http://www.who.int/hiv/aboutdept/en/index.html [assessed December 2009] http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/AboutAu/au_in_a_nutshell_en.htm [assessed December 2009] http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/conferences/past/2006/may/summit/summit.htm [assessed December 2009] http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/conferences/past/2006/may/summit/summit.htm [assessed December 2009] http://www.africa-union.org/root/UA/newsletter/publication%2040%20may%202009.pdf [assessed December 2009] http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/Resources/FeatureStories/archive/2009/20090702_African_Union.asp [assessed December 2009] http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/partnership/?lang=en [assessed December 2009] http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/pressreleases/?pr=pr_090611 [assessed December 2009] Citing Ms. Carla Bruni-Sarkozy, First Lady of France from http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/pressreleases/?pr=pr_090922 [assessed December 2009] http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/pressreleases/?pr=pr_091201a [assessed December 2009]